@@ -175,26 +177,26 @@ private val handling = listOf(
"Middle, tight",
listOf(
Move("Take crossweight out.","Once the car is square and the geometry is honest, a tight middle wants less crossweight."),
Move("Less block.","A taller block under the leaves increases roll and tightens the entry and the middle. Over 3 inches cuts forward bite. String the rear after a block change, because the blocks and U-bolts shift."),
Move("Less rear roll stiffness.","Take block out of the right rear. A taller right rear block tightens the entry and the middle. A taller left rear block frees them. Over 3 inches cuts forward bite. String the rear after a block change, because the blocks and U-bolts shift."),
Move("Let the front roll closer to the rear.","A tight middle often means the rear wants to roll more than the front. Soften the right-front spring, or stiffen the left-front. A stiffer left-front does not work well above about 10 degrees of banking."),
Move("Read the left-rear temperature.","If the left rear is the coolest tire, the rear spring split is too large and the right-rear spring is too stiff."),
Move("Less bar.","Less bar if the car is tight. On a leaf-spring Camaro a bigger bar faded after a few laps. If more bar only helps a few laps, put it back and stiffen the front springs."),
Move("Less front roll stiffness.","That is less bar on the all-thread. On a leaf-spring Camaro a stiffer bar faded after a few laps. If more front roll stiffness only helps a few laps, put it back and stiffen the front springs."),
),
),
HandlingCase(
"Middle, loose",
listOf(
Move("Add crossweight.","Once alignment and balance are right, a loose middle wants more crossweight."),
Move("More block.","A taller block tightens the entry and the middle. Stay at 3 inches or under, or forward bite falls off."),
Move("More rear roll stiffness.","Add block to the right rear. A taller right rear block tightens the entry and the middle. Stay at 3 inches or under, or forward bite falls off."),
Move("Ease a right-rear spring that is much stiffer than the left rear.","If the front is rolling more than the rear, load piles onto the right rear."),
Move("More bar.","More bar if the car is loose. The bar has to move freely in the stock saddles."),
Move("More front roll stiffness.","That is more bar on the all-thread. The bar has to move freely in the stock saddles."),
Move("Do not add stagger to make it turn.","Extra stagger used to free a tight middle shows up as loose off the corner under power."),
),
),
HandlingCase(
"Entry, tight",
listOf(
Move("Less block.","More block tightens the entry as well as the middle."),
Move("Less rear roll stiffness.","Take block out of the right rear. A taller right rear block tightens the entry as well as the middle. A taller left rear block frees them."),
Move("Check right-front camber through the dive.","If the nose dives hard, the right front loses camber and the push starts. Once it starts, it is hard to drive out of. The left front also loses camber in the dive. It wants about 1/2–1° positive while it is loaded. The right-front camber change through the dive and the roll should stay near zero."),
Move("Do not fix the entry with brake bias alone.","Compare a light brake with a hard brake. If they feel the same, bias is not the problem."),
),
@@ -202,7 +204,7 @@ private val handling = listOf(
HandlingCase(
"Entry, loose",
listOf(
Move("More block.","More block tightens the entry. Keep each block at 3 inches or under."),
Move("More rear roll stiffness.","Add block to the right rear. Keep each block at 3 inches or under."),
Move("Move brake bias forward.","Too much rear brake loosens the car on a hard entry. A usual asphalt split is about 60–65% front and 35–40% rear, if the book allows an adjuster. The adjuster has to be under the dash or the hood, out of the driver's reach, on the tri-state book."),
Move("Take out rear steer to the right.","If the right rear is farther back than the left rear as the car rolls in, the rear is steering right and the car gets loose."),
),
@@ -210,9 +212,7 @@ private val handling = listOf(
HandlingCase(
"Exit, tight",
listOf(
Move("Add stagger for the radius, then leave it.","Too little stagger for the corner leaves the car tight getting off. On a spool both rear tires turn the same number of times, and stagger steers the middle when the axles are locked. Size it for the radius and the banking, then stop using it as a handling knob."),
Move("A locked rear and an open rear are different.","On a spool or a welded rear, both tires turn the same number of times the whole corner, so stagger steers the middle. An open rear lets the tires turn at different speeds, so stagger does not steer the middle the same way. Wenatchee allows an open rear. Stateline is spool or welded. These books do not allow a Detroit Locker. A rear that unlocks in the middle and locks on power would be sized for the wider exit radius, which wants less stagger than a spool."),
Move("More banking wants a little less stagger.","The same corner on a bank wants less stagger than it would on flat ground. Radius is still the big piece. About 10 degrees is roughly 1.5% less. About 20 degrees is roughly 6% less."),
Move("Add stagger for the radius, then leave it.","Too little for the corner leaves the car tight getting off. Size it for the radius and the banking, then stop using it as a handling knob."),
),
),
HandlingCase(
@@ -227,11 +227,13 @@ private val handling = listOf(
privatevalstarts=listOf(
Tip("Crossweight","52–55% on a leaf-spring car. Less than a coil car usually wants."),
Tip("Front springs","Rate each spring at the height it sits in the car. Replace a bent or tired one. Keep the split under about 100 lb. Softening the front adds front traction, so the cross has to come up or the car gets loose. If the front out-rolls the rear, stiffen the front springs and use less bar."),
Tip("Front springs","Rate each spring at the height it sits in the car. Replace a bent or tired one. Keep the split under about 100 lb. Softening the front adds front traction, so the cross has to come up or the car gets loose. If the front out-rolls the rear, stiffen the front springs and use less front roll stiffness."),
Tip("Caster","Top of the ball-joint line tilted back is positive. Tilted forward is negative. Positive caster holds a line. Too much makes the wheel heavy. Negative caster lets the car wander on the straight. A short track often wants about 2–4° of split, left front around 1–2° and right front around 3–5°. More banking wants less caster. A tighter radius wants more split. At mid-turn the wheel should pull slightly. Check the toe after you change caster."),
Tip("Blocks","Under the leaves. More block tightens the entry and the middle. Over 3 inches cuts forward bite. South Sound allows steel leaves, at least four, with blocks, shackles, and sliders. The tri-state book allows steel or poly leaves and shackles."),
Tip("Sway bar","Less bar if the car is tight. More bar if it is loose. The tri-state book allows a 1-1/4 inch bar in the stock saddles, adjusted with all-thread, no heim joints. South Sound's book does not list a bar."),
Tip("Stagger","Right rear minus left rear, around the center of the tread, with a flexible 1/4-inch tape, at the cold pressure you will race. On a bias-ply tire, more air on the right, or less on the left, grows the stagger before you change tires. That rear-stagger gain takes cross out. More air that grows the right front adds cross. A tighter radius wants more. More banking wants a little less. Too much makes the car turn left on the straight, so the driver steers right and scrubs speed. On a bias-ply tire a sliding right rear heats, grows, and the loose gets worse as the run goes on. Too little heats the right front and the push gets worse the same way."),
Tip("Blocks","The right rear block is the one that tightens. A taller right rear block is more rear roll stiffness. A taller left rear block frees the entry and the middle. Over 3 inches cuts forward bite. South Sound allows steel leaves, at least four, with blocks, shackles, and sliders. The tri-state book allows steel or poly leaves and shackles."),
Tip("Sway bar","The all-thread sets front roll stiffness. Less if the car is tight. More if it is loose. The tri-state book allows a 1-1/4 inch bar in the stock saddles, no heim joints. South Sound's book does not list a bar."),
Tip("Stagger","Right rear minus left rear, around the center of the tread, with a flexible 1/4-inch tape, at the cold pressure you will race. A tighter radius wants more. More banking wants a little less: about 10 degrees is roughly 1.5% less, and about 20 degrees is roughly 6% less."),
Tip("Locked or open","On a spool or a welded rear, both tires turn together the whole corner, so stagger steers the middle. An open rear does not. Wenatchee allows an open rear. Stateline is spool or welded. These books do not allow a Detroit Locker. Too much stagger makes the car turn left on the straight. On a bias-ply tire a sliding right rear heats, grows, and the loose gets worse as the run goes on. Too little heats the right front and the push gets worse the same way."),
Tip("Air moves stagger","On a bias-ply tire, more air on the right, or less on the left, grows the stagger before you change tires. That rear-stagger gain takes cross out. More air that grows the right front adds cross."),
Tip("Toe","1/16 to 1/8 inch out in front on asphalt. A tighter track wants the larger end. Tracks under a half mile are published out to 1/4 inch. Rear wheels straight. Toe out takes the slack out of the tie-rod ends. Check it after a camber change, a caster change, a ride-height change, or any wheel contact."),
Tip("Added toe","Toe that grows as the wheel turns is Ackermann. Toe that shrinks is reverse Ackermann. One degree is about 1/2 inch of toe on an 85-inch tire. A tight quarter-mile only needs about 1/16 inch more on the left front. A half-mile needs about 1/64 inch. Stock boxes already add toe in a left turn, so measure it before you add any. Another note calls about 3° of extra left-front steer, in 10° of wheel turn, a common amount, and more of it on a 3/8-mile and under. Past what the corner needs, the left front grains, runs hot, and drags, and the car gets loose off. A little can free a tight middle. You feel it at the apex."),
Tip("String check","Fronts straight. Mark the floor 10 feet ahead of each spindle. Turn the wheel about as far as the driver does in the corner and mark again. If the left mark moved farther than the right, the car gained toe. If the right mark moved farther, the car lost toe. Tie rods that angle forward from the inner pivot add Ackermann. If the spindle arm is slotted and the book allows it, moving the left tie-rod end closer to the ball joint adds more."),
@@ -270,6 +272,20 @@ private const val OPENING =
"Leaf-spring Camaro on asphalt. Hobby stock or thunder car. If the rule book disagrees, follow the rule book. Change one thing, write it in the log, and read the tires before the next guess."
privatevalbook=listOf(
Chapter(
"How to tell",
"Fix the middle before the entry or the exit. A tight car can feel loose: the driver adds steering, the front bites, and the rear snaps when the throttle comes in. If the wheel is turned farther at speed than on a moderate lap, the car is tight. If it is turned less, it is loose. If you are steering right in the middle, bring it in.",
),
Chapter(
"What to change",
"One change, then another run. Skip a move the rule book does not allow.",
blocksOf(handling),
),
Chapter(
"Air for handling",
"Use this when the only change is air on a bias-ply tire. The same change moves rate, footprint, stagger, and cross. If you only wanted the stagger, put the cross back on the scales. Do not add rear stagger just to free a tight middle.",
blocksOf(airHandling),
),
Chapter(
"Heat",
"Probe inside, middle, outside right after a full-speed run, before the car sits in the stall. Start at the right front, then the right rear, the left rear, and the left front. The right sides cool first. One person probes and one writes. Same order every time. A needle in the tread beats a surface gun. The surface is usually 20–40° cooler than the probe, and brake heat or engine heat can fool the gun. A spread across one tire past about 10% is the one to fix. A new tire runs hotter than a used one, so read camber and pressure from the spread across that tire. Temps on a car that is way off are a weak signal until it is at least drivable.",
@@ -285,26 +301,12 @@ private val book = listOf(
"Write the tire set on the run. Temps, depth, and heat cycles from that set tell you when another week is wishful.",
notesOf(tireLife),
),
Chapter(
"How to tell",
"Fix the middle before the entry or the exit. A tight car can feel loose: the driver adds steering, the front bites, and the rear snaps when the throttle comes in. If the wheel is turned farther at speed than on a moderate lap, the car is tight. If it is turned less, it is loose. If you are steering right in the middle, bring it in.",
),
Chapter(
"What to change",
"One change, then another run. Skip a move the rule book does not allow.",
blocksOf(handling),
),
Chapter(
"Air for handling",
"Longacre's order when the only change is air on a bias-ply tire. The same change moves rate, footprint, stagger, and cross. If you only wanted the stagger, put the cross back on the scales. Size rear stagger for the radius, then leave it. Extra past that gets loose on power, so do not add rear stagger just to free a tight middle.",
blocksOf(airHandling),
),
Chapter("Where to start",blocks=notesOf(starts)),
Chapter(
"Order of work",
"Geometry and alignment come before brakes and aero. On a hobby-stock F-body a lot of the geometry is frozen. Do the items the book allows, in this order, and stop when the car is balanced.",
notesOf(order),
),
Chapter("Where to start",blocks=notesOf(starts)),
Chapter(
"In the shop",
"Do this before the first race, and again when something hits the wall or the car starts doing something new. An alignment with a couple of people is an hour or two.",
@@ -312,7 +314,7 @@ private val book = listOf(
),
Chapter(
"On the scales",
"Write the four corner weights in the notes and the cross on the setup. Same routine every time, or the number does not compare with last week.",
"Write the four corner weights and the cross. Same routine every time, or the number does not compare with last week.",
notesOf(scales),
),
Chapter(
@@ -323,8 +325,25 @@ private val book = listOf(
Chapter("Leave these alone",blocks=notesOf(leaveAlone)),
"Under the leaves. More block tightens entry and the middle. Over 3 inches cuts forward bite. String the rear after you move them.",
"The right rear block is the one that tightens. A taller right rear block is more rear roll stiffness. A taller left rear block frees the entry and the middle. Over 3 inches cuts forward bite. String the rear after you move them.",
"Where the bar is now. Less bar if the car is tight. More bar if it is loose. The bar has to move freely: space the mounts off the frame, or use a bushing about 1/8 inch larger than the bar.",
"The all-thread sets front roll stiffness. Less if the car is tight. More if it is loose. The bar has to move freely: space the mounts off the frame, or use a bushing about 1/8 inch larger than the bar.",
assertEquals("More rear roll stiffness. Add block to the right rear.",looseBlocks.single().say)
assertTrue(
chassisTips(
ChassisSetup(blockLr=2.0,blockRr=2.0),
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